The Case for A Global Excess Profits Tax: A Response to Dr. Tarcísio Diniz Magalhães & Professor Allison Christians

In striving to slow the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic, governments across the globe acted quickly to implement various "stay-at- home" orders and bans on all "non-essential activities." While these actions were likely effective in slowing the spread of the virus, the economic impacts were felt almost immediately. The US deficit rose to $3.1 trillion following massive spending to aid individuals and small businesses. Internationally, governments have been increasing their debt loads to combat both the health and financial impacts of the pandemic. Indeed, by the end of 2020, the international debt load increased to a record-breaking $281 trillion. Almost as quickly, various proposals have been offered regarding how to mitigate this pandemic-fueled deficit. One solution offered is the return of a historical tax scheme-an excess profits tax. Excess profits taxes have historically been applied both domestically and internationally during times of war. Although there are variations in how an excess profits tax is calculated, traditionally, an excess profits tax is applied to those companies who earn returns in excess of a set "normal" rate of return.

Modified degree of operating leverage risk measure

Unlike the conventional Degree of Operating Leverage (DOL), we propose a modified DOL measure (MDOL) that considers both the exogenous shock to the demand function, and the volatility of the firm's asset as part of the idiosyncratic risk. Our model indicates that at times of turbulence such as the COVID-19 pandemic, global and local financial crises, MDOL can be much larger than the conventional DOL. The model supports the contention according to which, non-well diversified investors, who are commonly found in family firms, tend to underinvest to reduce their exposure to idiosyncratic risk. © 2022 Elsevier Inc.

Strategic flexibility or persistence? Examining the survival path of export enterprises under COVID-19

Purpose>The rising uncertainties in the macroeconomic environment exacerbate the challenges firms face in the export market. This study aims to explore which strategy is suitable for export enterprises to develop sustainably under COVID-19.Design/methodology/approach>Based on the sample data of China's A-stock listed manufacturing firms from 2010 to 2020, this study applies a survival analysis method to explore the impact of strategic flexibility on export firm survival. Furthermore, this study uses the difference-in-difference model to test the relationship between strategic flexibility and firms' profits in the context of the pandemic.Findings>The results show that strategic flexibility can increase firms' survival time, improving dynamic production and innovation capabilities, which is favorable for their sustainable development. Meanwhile, after the spread of COVID-19, firms with strategic flexibility have higher profits than those without. This influence mechanism mainly involves exploring new markets that can improve the company revenue and the coordination capabilities of the supply chain;this reduces corporate costs.Originality/value>This study expands relevant research on the factors affecting the survival of export enterprises and supplements research on the economic consequences of firms' strategic flexibility;this also enriches the dynamic capability theory. Additionally, it provides important implications for firms to enhance strategic flexibility and recommends government implementation of policies that encourage the domestic sales of commodities originally produced for exports under COVID-19.

Modified Degree of Operating Leverage Risk Measure

Unlike the conventional Degree of Operating Leverage (DOL), we propose a modified DOL measure (MDOL) that considers both the exogenous shock to the demand function, and the volatility of the firm's asset as part of the idiosyncratic risk. Our model indicates that at time of turbulence such as COVID-19, global and local clashes and climate changes, MDOL can be much larger than the conventional ones. The model supports the contention according to which, non-well diversified investors, who are commonly found in family firms, tend to underinvest to reduce their exposure to idiosyncratic risk.

Risk And Return, Debt Policy, Agency Cost, Firm Value During Covid 19: A Case Study On Public Companies

The influence of risk and return on debt policy, agency costs, and firm value in Indonesian public companies is investigated in this study. The research is based on quarterly data from companies in the LQ45 index. There are 180 observations in all. Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling is used to analyze the data (SEM-PLS). The data analysis demonstrates that the company's sales decreased during the COVID-19 pandemic, resulting in an increase in risk and a decline in the company's return. Even though the company's agency charges have failed to increase the sales value, the company's debt is nevertheless covered by its assets and capital. More findings will be presented in-depth. The findings might help researchers identify characteristics that impact business values. These characteristics may then be utilized to identify which strategies and policies a management team should employ to maintain a company's value.

Futbol Kulüplerinin Faaliyet, Finansal Ve Toplam Kaldıraç Derecelerinin Analizi: Avrupa Örneği

Bu araştırmanın amacı, Avrupa’daki futbol kulüplerinin faaliyet, finansal ve toplam risk düzeylerini tespit etmektir. Ayrıca Covid-19 salgınının futbol kulüplerinin faaliyet, finansal ve toplam risk düzeylerine etkisi de incelenmiştir. Bu bağlamda Avrupa Futbol Federasyonları Birliği’ne bağlı 8 ulusal ligde yer alan 25 futbol kulübünün 2018-2020 yılları arasındaki faaliyet, finansal ve toplam kaldıraç dereceleri kaldıraç analiziyle hesaplanmıştır. Analiz neticesinde futbol kulüplerinin faaliyet kaldıraç derecelerinin finansal kaldıraç derecelerinden daha yüksek olduğu ve daha fazla dalgalanma gösterdiği saptanmıştır. Dolayısıyla futbol kulüplerinde toplam riskin çok önemli bir kısmının faaliyet riskinden meydana geldiği belirlenmiştir. Yine futbol kulüplerinde faaliyet kaldıracı ile toplam kaldıraç arasında yüksek bir pozitif korelasyon tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca faaliyet, finansal ve toplam kaldıraç derecelerinin Covid-19 salgınının yoğun olarak yaşandığı 2020 yılında, önceki yıllara göre yükseldiği belirlenmiştir. Araştırmada son olarak gerçekleştirilen Wilcoxon işaretli sıra testi sonucunda faaliyet ve toplam kaldıraç dereceleri açısından salgın öncesi ve sonrası dönem bağlamında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir farklılık saptanmıştır.Alternate : The aim of this research is to determine the operational, financial and total risk levels of football clubs in Europe. In addition, the effect of the Covid-19 epidemic on the operational, financial and total risk levels of football clubs was also examined. In this context, the activity, financial and total leverage degrees of 25 football clubs in 8 national leagues affiliated to the Union of European Football Federations between 2018 and 2020 years were calculated by leverage analysis. As a result of the analysis, it has been determined that the operating leverage degrees of football clubs are higher than the financial leverage degrees and show more fluctuations. Therefore, it has been determined that a very important part of the total risk in football clubs consists of operational risk. Again, a high positive correlation was found between operating leverage and total leverage in football clubs. In addition, it was determined that the degrees of operational, financial and total leverage increased in 2020, when the Covid-19 epidemic was intense, compared to previous years. As a result of the Wilcoxon signed-rank test, which was performed lastly in the study, a statistically significant difference was found in terms of operational and total leverage degrees in the context of the pre- and post-epidemic period.

Impact of operational fragility on stock returns: Lessons from COVID-19 crisis

We examine how the market valuation of firms varies on account of their operational fragility that makes them vulnerable to the COVID-19 pandemic. Using the data on plant location that uniquely identifies the vulnerability of firms to operational disruptions, we find that firms with plants located in zones susceptible to higher infections earn significantly lower returns. For firms with high operational fragility, the marginal value of financial flexibility and operating flexibility is higher. The adverse impact of the operational fragility is lower for firms affiliated with the larger business groups. The paper identifies unique channels associated with the pandemic that impact firm value.